Quadratic Box-Behnken design for hydrophobic natural deep eutectic solvent-based microextraction of E129 in foodstuffs and pharmaceuticals

Altunay A. Ö., Bişgin A. T., ELİK A.

Microchemical Journal, cilt.228, 2026 (SCI-Expanded, Scopus)

  • Yayın Türü: Makale / Tam Makale
  • Cilt numarası: 228
  • Basım Tarihi: 2026
  • Doi Numarası: 10.1016/j.microc.2026.118999
  • Dergi Adı: Microchemical Journal
  • Derginin Tarandığı İndeksler: Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED), Scopus, BIOSIS, Chemical Abstracts Core, Chimica, Index Islamicus, Academic Search Ultimate (EBSCO), Engineering Source (EBSCO)
  • Anahtar Kelimeler: Allura red, Box-Behnken, E129, Hydrophobic natural-deep- eutectic-solvent, Microextraction, Spectrophotometry
  • Sivas Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Adresli: Evet

Özet

In this study, a green and efficient microextraction method based on a hydrophobic natural deep eutectic solvent (HNADES) was developed for the determination of Allura Red (E129), a widely used synthetic azo dye in foodstuffs and pharmaceutical products. Due to the limitations of conventional extraction techniques, such as the excessive use of large volumes of toxic organic solvents, there is a growing need for more sustainable and environmentally friendly analytical approaches. To achieve this, key experimental variables including HNADES volume, pH, dispersive solvent volume, and vortex time were optimized using Box–Behnken design. Under optimized conditions, the proposed method exhibited excellent linearity in the range of 7–500 ng mL−1 (R2 = 0.9958) and a high preconcentration factor of 133. The limits of detection and quantification were determined to be 2.2 and 7.0 ng mL−1, respectively. The HNADES composed of Aliquat 336 and decanoic acid demonstrated superior stability and efficient phase separation, yielding recoveries between 90.7% and 99.2% in real samples. The greenness and sustainability of the method were further evaluated using AGREE, BAGI, and ComplexMoGAPI assessment tools, confirming that the proposed procedure is consistent with the principles of green analytical chemistry.