Synthesis of reduced graphene oxide- clay composites: Process optimization, structural investigations, and application in drug delivery
Journal of the Indian Chemical Society, cilt.103, sa.11, 2026 (SCI-Expanded, Scopus)
- Yayın Türü: Makale / Tam Makale
- Cilt numarası: 103 Sayı: 11
- Basım Tarihi: 2026
- Doi Numarası: 10.1016/j.jics.2026.103074
- Dergi Adı: Journal of the Indian Chemical Society
- Derginin Tarandığı İndeksler: Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED), Scopus, Chemical Abstracts Core, EMBASE
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Black tea, Composite, Gallic acid, Reduced graphene oxide, Sodium bentonite
- Sivas Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Adresli: Evet
Özet
In this study, graphene oxide (GO) was initially synthesized using the Hummers' method. Black tea extract was employed as a reducing agent for GO. The polyphenol content of the black tea extract was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu method. Reduced graphene oxide (RGO) was obtained by mixing GO with the aqueous black tea extract at 100 °C for 4 h. Furthermore, RGO was used in the synthesis of RGO/NaB and RGO/NaB/PEG composites, incorporating sodium bentonite (NaB) and polyethylene glycol (PEG). The effect of the NaB/GO weight ratio (w/w) on the structural and functional properties of the RGO/NaB and RGO/NaB/PEG composites was investigated and characterized. UV/vis spectroscopy revealed peaks at 234 nm and 272 nm, supporting the formation of GO and RGO. XRD results show that RGO disappears within the NaB and PEG matrix. SEM results showed the typical wrinkled structure of GO and the layered structure of RGO. Raman data indicate the presence of RGO with the intensity of the D and G bands. It was determined that the presence of NaB increased the thermal stability of the composite. According to BET analysis, RGO/NaB and RGO/NaB/PEG composites were found to be mesoporous. The drug loading and release behaviors of the composites were investigated using gallic acid (GA) as a model drug in two different pH environments (4.56 and 7.4). For the RGO/NaB/PEG composite, 20% GA release was achieved after 120 min at pH 7.4.