Ultrasonic-assisted natural deep eutectic solvent based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction of toxic heavy metals in various water matrices and vegetable samples

Bişgin A. T., ELİK A., ALTUNAY N.

Microchemical Journal, cilt.216, 2025 (SCI-Expanded) identifier

  • Yayın Türü: Makale / Tam Makale
  • Cilt numarası: 216
  • Basım Tarihi: 2025
  • Doi Numarası: 10.1016/j.microc.2025.114790
  • Dergi Adı: Microchemical Journal
  • Derginin Tarandığı İndeksler: Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED), Scopus, Academic Search Premier, BIOSIS, CAB Abstracts, Chemical Abstracts Core, Chimica, Food Science & Technology Abstracts, Index Islamicus, Veterinary Science Database
  • Anahtar Kelimeler: Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction, Flame atomic absorption spectrometry, Heavy metals, Microwave digestion, Natural deep eutectic solvent, Vegetables
  • Sivas Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Adresli: Evet

Özet

A simultaneous natural deep eutectic solvent-based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method (S-NADES-DLLME) was established for the separation and enrichment of metals (Pb, Cd, Zn, Mn) from water and vegetable samples prior to their determination by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (FAAS). Bathophenanthroline was used as complexing agent for these metals. Seven NADESs were prepared to achieve simultaneous microextraction of these metals. pH, volume of complexing agent, type, composition ratio and volume of NADES, type and volume of dispersive solvent, extraction temperature and sonication time were optimized. Limit of detection (LOD) and linear dynamic range were in the range of 0.024–0.76 and 0.08–560 ng mL−1, respectively. Relative standard deviations (RSDs) were below %4.4. The method was validated by analyzing two certified reference materials (CRMs). Microwave digestion was applied for the pretreatments of vegetables. The metal contents of the real samples were determined to be between 0.62 and 146.11 μg kg−1. The green profiles of the method were evaluated using Analytical Greenness Metric (AGREE) and Blue Applicability Grade Index (BAGI) tools.