A green and practical quadratic Box-Behnken design reverse micelle-assisted supramolecular solvent-based microextraction approach for the simultaneous determination of Cd and Pb in foodstuffs and cosmetics

Altunay A. Ö., Bişgin A. T., ELİK A.

Food Chemistry, cilt.520, 2026 (SCI-Expanded, Scopus) identifier identifier

  • Yayın Türü: Makale / Tam Makale
  • Cilt numarası: 520
  • Basım Tarihi: 2026
  • Doi Numarası: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2026.149829
  • Dergi Adı: Food Chemistry
  • Derginin Tarandığı İndeksler: Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED), Scopus, BIOSIS, Chemical Abstracts Core, Chimica, Compendex, EMBASE, MEDLINE
  • Anahtar Kelimeler: Box-Behnken, Cadmium, FAAS, Lead, Reverse micelles, SUPRAS
  • Sivas Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Adresli: Evet

Özet

The aim of this study is to provide a simple and environmentally friendly approach for the preconcentration and determination of Pb(II) and Cd(II) ions in complex matrices. A green and practical reverse micelle-assisted supramolecular solvent-based microextraction method was developed for the simultaneous determination of Cd(II) and Pb(II) in foodstuffs and cosmetics. Key experimental variables affecting extraction efficiency were optimized using Box–Behnken design. Under optimum conditions, the method showed good linearity in the ranges of 0.09–100 ng mL−1 for Cd(II) and 0.4–250 ng mL−1 for Pb(II). The limits of detection were 0.03 ng mL−1 for Cd(II) and 0.1 ng mL−1 for Pb(II), while the preconcentration factor was 100. Relative standard deviation values were below 2%. The method was successfully validated using certified reference materials and applied to real samples, demonstrating its reliability, applicability, and suitability for routine trace metal analysis.