Akademik Veri Yönetim Sistemi
International Journal of Chemical Engineering, cilt.2025, sa.1, 2025 (SCI-Expanded, Scopus)
The hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) process turned out to be a very promising route for the production of bio-oil from agricultural residue. However, limited number of researches have explored the production of bio-oil from palm kernel shells (PKSs) using the HTL method. Thus, this study looks at how the mass of the sample and the length of time it is heated affect the yield (wt%) of bio-oil from PKS using HTL methods and describes the fuel’s properties. PKS is one type of biomass that is efficiently converted to bio-oil, biochar, and biogas by HTL in a modified microwave oven. We employed a modified household microwave oven with 800 W for this process. The product yield increased proportionally with the sample mass from 31.16 wt% to 41.92 wt% for bio-oil at a constant time of 15 min. However, a vice versa trend was observed for biochar. Furthermore, it exhibited the highest value of 66.51 wt%, and then it was reduced to 42.17 wt%. The last product, biogas, shows an increasing trend from 2.32 wt% to 15.90 wt%. For the second parameter, the production of bio-oil decreases with the increase in heating time, while biochar and biogas increase with the increase in heating time. For the highest product yield, the calorific value is 37.68 MJ/kg for a 15 g sample and 22.32 MJ/kg for a 35 g sample at 15 min of heating time. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) result reveals that multiple functional groups, that is, alcohol, aldehydes, carboxylic acid, and ketones are present in the PKS bio-oil. Additionally, the pH value of the bio-oil was in the range of 2-3.