Effects of Food-Simulating Liquids and Thermocycling on Surface Roughness and Color Stability of Highly Filled Flowable Resin Composites
Polymers, cilt.18, sa.18, 2026 (SCI-Expanded, Scopus)
- Yayın Türü: Makale / Tam Makale
- Cilt numarası: 18 Sayı: 18
- Basım Tarihi: 2026
- Doi Numarası: 10.3390/polym18182196
- Dergi Adı: Polymers
- Derginin Tarandığı İndeksler: Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED), Scopus, Chemical Abstracts Core, Compendex, INSPEC, Academic Search Ultimate (EBSCO), Engineering Source (EBSCO), Materials Science & Engineering Collection (ProQuest), Technology Collection (ProQuest)
- Anahtar Kelimeler: color stability, food-simulating liquids, highly filled flowable resin composites, resin-based restorative materials, surface roughness, thermocycling
- Sivas Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Adresli: Evet
Özet
Highly filled flowable resin composites have been developed to improve the mechanical and esthetic performance of conventional flowable materials, but their long-term behavior under different aging conditions remains insufficiently characterized. This study evaluated the effects of thermocycling and food-simulating liquids on the surface roughness and color stability of five highly filled flowable resin composites with a nanohybrid flowable composite included as a reference material. A total of 240 cylindrical specimens were randomly assigned to thermocycling, 10% citric acid, n-heptane, or 75% ethanol groups (n = 10 per material and protocol). Surface roughness was measured before and after aging, and color change (ΔE*ab) was determined after subsequent immersion in coffee solution. Data were analyzed using two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) to evaluate the main effects of material and aging protocol and their interaction, followed by Tukey’s post hoc test for multiple comparisons (α = 0.05). Aging-related changes in surface roughness and color stability varied according to both the material and aging protocol. Significant material × aging-protocol interactions were observed for both ΔRa and ΔE*ab (p < 0.001). GrandioSO Heavy Flow showed the greatest increase in surface roughness after ethanol and n-heptane aging and the highest mean ΔE*ab values under each aging condition, whereas Neo-Spectra ST Flow showed the highest mean ΔRa after thermocycling, and G-ænial Universal Injectable showed the highest mean ΔRa after citric acid exposure. These findings indicate that the aging response of highly filled flowable resin composites is material-dependent and provide insight into their relative behavior under different laboratory aging conditions.